Botswana, formally the Republic of Botswana , is a republic in southern Africa . The state has no coast, and borders east to Zimbabwe , to the southwest and south to South Africa , to the west and north to Namibia . In the far north, the country has a short border with Zambia . In the southwest of the country is the desert Kalahari . Botswana was formerly the British protectorate Bechuanaland , and became independent in 1966. The name Botswana comes from the bantu people , batswana or tswana people .
Prior to independence, the country was one of the world’s poorest, but thanks to rich diamond deposits , Botswana has later had considerable economic growth and developed into a middle income country. Many residents, however, still live outside the formal economy, often of livestock farming. The country has many nature reserves and a rich wildlife.
A country of slightly over 2.3 million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. About 11.6 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city, Gaborone. Formerly one of the world’s poorest countries—with a GDP per capita of about US$70 per year in the late 1960s—it has since transformed itself into an upper-middle-income country, with one of the world’s fastest-growing economies.
Modern-day humans first inhabited the country over 200,000 years ago. The Tswana ethnic group were descended mainly from Bantu-speaking tribes who migrated southward of Africa to modern Botswana around 600 AD, living in tribal enclaves as farmers and herders. In 1885, the British colonised the area and declared a protectorate under the name of Bechuanaland. As decolonisation occurred, Bechuanaland became an independent Commonwealth republic under its current name on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has been a representative republic, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998.
The economy is dominated by mining, cattle, and tourism. Botswana has a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about $18,113 as of 2021, one of the highest in Africa. Botswana is the world’s biggest diamond producing country. Its relatively high gross national income per capita (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa. Botswana is the first African country to host Forbes 30 Under 30 and the 2017 Netball World Youth Cup.
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